{"id":2505,"date":"2024-05-20T12:14:43","date_gmt":"2024-05-20T12:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sdgnews.com\/?p=2505"},"modified":"2024-05-20T12:14:45","modified_gmt":"2024-05-20T12:14:45","slug":"are-economic-clusters-ready-for-the-green-transition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sdgnews.com\/es\/are-economic-clusters-ready-for-the-green-transition\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Economic Clusters Ready for the Green Transition?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/christopher-daniel\">Christopher Daniel<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/varad-pande\">Varad Pande<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/rami-rafih\">Rami Rafih<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/makoto-morihara\">Makoto Morihara<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/charmian-caines\">Charmian Caines<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/about\/people\/experts\/tina-zuzek\">Tina Zuzek-Arden<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-key-takeaways\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Governments have two key strategies\u2014evolving existing economic clusters to remain competitive and capitalizing on emerging opportunities\u2014to help economic clusters rapidly adapt to the green transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Through the safeguard strategy, governments protect existing clusters, by helping them to evolve, optimize for resilience, and support them to continue to thrive through the change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Through the spark strategy, governments spur new opportunities for economic clusters by realizing their emerging green competitive advantage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>From the tech innovators of Silicon Valley to the leatherworkers of Tuscany and the textile hubs of South Asia, economic clusters make the world go round. As Harvard economist Michael Porter has long argued, the global economic landscape is dominated by \u201ccritical masses\u201d of companies that collaborate to unlock competitive&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">advantage.<sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>By effectively managing these economic clusters, governments have been able to accelerate social and economic progress at both the regional and national levels. Today, however, policymakers face a pressing new challenge: the need to help economic clusters rapidly adapt to the green transition\u2014and to effectively navigate the challenges and opportunities it brings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some important steps have been taken to address climate pressures at the cluster level. The WEF\u2019s Transitioning Industrial Clusters Towards Net Zero initiative, for instance, has brought together 20 industrial clusters in 10 countries\u2014representing $362 billion in economic activity and 626 million tons of CO<sub>2<\/sub>-equivalent emissions\u2014to accelerate&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">decarbonization.<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>Such efforts are essential, but governments must also recognize that the green transition now impacts&nbsp;<em>all<\/em>&nbsp;businesses and&nbsp;<em>all<\/em>&nbsp;economic clusters that comprise our interconnected regional, national, and international economies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To simultaneously minimize disruption, accelerate economic growth, and drive progress toward&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/capabilities\/climate-change-sustainability\/decarbonization\">decarbonization<\/a>&nbsp;will require coordinated leadership focused on two key strategies: evolving existing clusters to remain competitive and capitalizing on emerging opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Green Transition Brings Risks and Opportunities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The green transition is primarily driven by four interconnected trends: regulators raising the bar, the falling cost of renewable\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/industries\/energy\/overview\">energy<\/a>, the lowering cost of cleantech, and growing consumer interest in green products. (See \u201cTrends Driving the Green Transition.\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/publications\/2024\/supporting-economic-clusters-in-green-transition?utm_source=www.esgandclimatenews.com&amp;utm_medium=newsletter&amp;utm_campaign=pessimism-or-positivity#0000018f-58be-d66b-a9ff-5aff3cc50002-0\">TRENDS DRIVING THE GREEN TRANSITION<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Regulators raising the bar.<\/strong>&nbsp;Policymakers are using both sticks and carrots to accelerate the green transition. The EU\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is combating carbon leakage with tariffs expected to surpass 1 billion euros by 2034. The US Environmental Protection Agency, meanwhile, aims to cut methane emissions from oil and gas by 58 million metric tons by 2038\u2014a reduction equivalent to all the CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;emitted by the power sector in&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">2021.<sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The falling cost of renewable energy.<\/strong>&nbsp;With renewables increasingly cost-competitive with fossil fuels, decarbonization is rewriting the rules for energy-intensive clusters. In the United States, new utility-scale solar power costs $0.039\/kWh, while operating existing thermal assets like coal\u2014once among the cheapest baseline options\u2014costs&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">$0.052\/kWh.<sup>4<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With leaders at COP28 pledging to triple renewable capacity by 2030, clusters will need to rapidly adapt to new power sources to remain competitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The lowering cost of cleantech.<\/strong>&nbsp;Breakthrough solutions are moving into the mainstream as underlying technologies mature, gain market share, and capture economies of scale. The CAPEX of producing green hydrogen, for instance, could fall by 25% by 2030 as electrolyzer and energy prices fall; battery costs, meanwhile, have plummeted about 90% from 2010 levels, reaching $0.25\/Wh in&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">2023.<sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Growing consumer interest in green products.<\/strong>&nbsp;More than four fifths of consumers across many sectors and geographic regions now view sustainability as a top priority. An increasing number are also prioritizing sustainability in their purchases: the \u201csay-do\u201d gap between what consumers claim to value and the way they actually spend their money is narrowing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. US Environmental Protection Agency, \u201cBiden-Harris Administration Finalizes Standards to Slash Methane Pollution, Combat Climate Change, Protect Health, and Bolster American Innovation,\u201d EPA website, December 2, 2023.<br>4. Joachim Seel et al., \u201cUtility-Scale Solar, 2023 Edition: Analysis of Empirical Plant-level Data from US Ground-Mounted PV, PV+battery, and CSP Plants (exceeding 5 MWAC),\u201d Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 2023, retrieved from Open Energy Data Initiative (OEDI); Lazard, \u201cLevelized Cost of Energy+,\u201d Lazard website, April 2023.<br>5. International Energy Agency, Global Hydrogen Review 2023, IEA website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such pressures make adapting to the green transition a critical business imperative for organizations of all kinds. But these intersecting trends cannot be sufficiently addressed by individual companies acting alone. Instead, they must be addressed at the ecosystem level, with economic clusters bringing collective effort, shared infrastructure, and economies of scale to bear on the systemic challenges they now face. And to do this, governments have a vital role to play in analyzing and responding to the pressures and opportunities the green transition brings for economic clusters. Only by creatively and effectively supporting economic clusters can governments turn rapid decarbonization into a driver of economic advantage and growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By definition, economic clusters comprise many interdependent stakeholders. The systemic changes inherent in the green transition will change the dynamics between those stakeholders. The resulting realignment will bring significant challenges\u2014but also important new opportunities for clusters that manage the transition effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As clusters come under pressure due to \u201cgreen\u201d competition, they will face risks including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Shifting market demand<\/strong>&nbsp;away from the cluster\u2019s core products or services and toward \u201cgreener\u201d alternatives, forcing clusters to rapidly reinvent themselves. Germany\u2019s Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Automotive Cluster saw internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles account for over 99% of production in 2010 but less than 80% in 2022, for&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">instance.<sup>6<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>In the United States, LED lighting went from 4% to 47% market penetration in just five&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">years.<sup>7<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>Such shifts require clusters to rapidly reconfigure internal dynamics such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/capabilities\/manufacturing\/overview\">manufacturing<\/a>&nbsp;and marketing, along with external upstream and downstream&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/capabilities\/operations\/supply-chain-management\">supply chains<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Green legislation impacting competitiveness,<\/strong>&nbsp;with new laws changing the way that clusters operate. Some regulations have a global impact: The EU Deforestation Regulation of 2023 is reshaping Brazil\u2019s soybean production clusters, which export one fifth of production to European&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">markets.<sup>8<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>Others have domestic impact, such as Japan\u2019s 2020 plastic-bag penalty, which slashed total bag distribution by half over a two-year&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">period.<sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reduced access to capital<\/strong>&nbsp;as financial institutions decarbonize their investments. With over 1,600 institutions and around $40 trillion in assets\u2014including major global banks already committed to divesting from fossil fuels, it will grow increasingly challenging for businesses in high-emission clusters to obtain&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">capital.<sup>10<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>Indeed, some banks are now halting direct financing for new oil and gas projects or other related&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">infrastructure.<sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These realignments can also lead to the emergence of new value pools, creating opportunities including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Demand for upstream materials clusters<\/strong>&nbsp;as emerging technologies and evolving markets seek new raw materials. Surging demand for battery is accelerating the emergence of nickel manufacturing clusters in Indonesia, and a lithium supply chain in&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">Chile.<sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Capitalizing on natural advantages<\/strong>&nbsp;as the latent value of previously neglected resources\u2014including sun and wind\u2014is realized. Oman is planning to significantly expand its wind energy capacity, reaching 1 GW by 2030, for instance, while Namibia plans to capitalize on its 300-plus sunny days per year to transform its power sector, which currently relies largely on imported&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">energy.<sup>13<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>New renewable energy projects will thus reconfigure local energy markets, bringing significant benefits for clusters in the affected regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>New \u201cgreen products\u201d generating market demand,<\/strong>&nbsp;with the need for green materials, energy, products, and services unlocks new cluster development opportunities. In Iceland, the aluminum industry is poised to prosper: though energy-intensive, its reliance on hydro and geothermal power\u2014combined with emissions caps\u2014will make it a leading supplier of \u201cgreen\u201d aluminum, with a carbon footprint four times to five times lower than the global&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">average.<sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, the green transition will bring new competition\u2014and, in many cases, existential threats\u2014for existing clusters. But it will also create new value pools that will be captured by both existing and emerging clusters. Whether individual companies\u2014or entire regional economies\u2014prosper or perish will depend, in large part, on how effectively governments navigate this challenge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Two Strategies for Governments<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-governments-have-two-key-strategies-available-to-them\"><strong>Governments have two key strategies available to them:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Safeguard Strategy.<\/strong>&nbsp;Through the safeguard strategy, governments protect existing clusters, by helping them to evolve, optimize for resilience, and support them to continue to thrive through the change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Spark Strategy.<\/strong>&nbsp;Through the spark strategy, governments spur new opportunities for economic clusters by realizing their emerging green competitive advantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-governments-pursuing-a-safeguard-strategy-can-utilize-three-primary-levers\"><strong>Governments pursuing a safeguard strategy can utilize three primary levers:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Enabling access to clean energy<\/strong>&nbsp;to support energy-intensive clusters to decarbonize and remain cost-competitive. Spain, for instance, is supporting the Basque Industrial Super Cluster\u2014which provides over 200,000 jobs and \u20ac2 billion to \u20ac3 billion in economic activity\u2014by promoting clean hydrogen, renewable energy, and CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">capture.<sup>15<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>With local laws targeting climate neutrality by 2050, policymakers are promoting energy transition strategies including energy efficiency and sustainable mobility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Greening existing processes<\/strong>&nbsp;to drive competitive advantage. In India, the Tirupur Knitwear Cluster\u2014which accounts for 80% of India\u2019s knitwear exports\u2014benefited from a $90 million public investment to support a zero liquid discharge strategy, reducing groundwater pollution while insulating the water-dependent cluster from the impact of&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">drought.<sup>16<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>Alongside energy efficiency and compliance enforcement, such measures help make the cluster both more resilient and more sustainable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Support green reskilling<\/strong>&nbsp;to ensure that workers with legacy skillsets get the training they need to thrive and drive value for their employers. In the US, the sustainable construction boom is being supported by national training and certification programs for green jobs, including a green plumbing certification program and an urban forestry apprenticeship program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-governments-using-a-spark-strategy-meanwhile-have-four-key-tools\"><strong>Governments using a spark strategy, meanwhile, have four key tools:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Attracting investment with new green zones,<\/strong>&nbsp;either by creating new clusters with a focus on sustainability or coalescing existing clusters around the needs and opportunities of the green transition. South Korea\u2019s Songdo International Business District has become a model for sustainable urban development and cleantech&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/capabilities\/innovation-strategy-delivery\/overview\">innovation<\/a>&nbsp;by drawing on strategies including green construction and smart waste and grid&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">systems.<sup>17<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>In Australia, the Pilbara Renewable Energy Zone is developing 26 GW in renewable wind and solar capacity to support one of the world\u2019s largest green hydrogen projects, supporting decarbonization in nearby manufacturing and mineral processing&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">clusters.<sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Incentives and demand generation<\/strong>&nbsp;to spur sustainable innovation and support early movers as clusters shift onto a more sustainable footing. In the US, the Inflation Reduction Act\u2019s tax provisions are supporting clean energy deployments, while the Buy Clean Act uses federal purchasing power\u2014which now exceeds $630 billion\u2014to support green building and create jobs in the recycling and construction sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Upskilling to build a future-ready workforce<\/strong>&nbsp;and support the emergence of new clusters and the growth of existing hubs. Australia\u2019s National Clean Energy Skills Initiative, for instance, has driven upskilling across 38 critical occupations, helping 90,000 workers acquire vital skills in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and battery&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">storage.<sup>19<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a><sup><\/sup>The UK\u2019s Green Jobs Taskforce similarly brings together industry, trade union, and skills sector leaders to support workforce development to help clusters adapt to a low-carbon&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">economy.<sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Promoting innovation<\/strong>&nbsp;at the cluster level, with government support helping to unlock synergies and collaboration. In the United States, the Tennessee Electric Vehicle Center is drawing together electric vehicle companies and research groups to create around 6,000 new jobs and promote the rapid commercialization of new transportation&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">technologies.<sup>21<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/a>The UK\u2019s Zero Carbon Humber partnership, meanwhile, is spurring investment and R&amp;D in areas including mobility, AI, carbon capture, clean hydrogen, bioenergy, and beyond, with a view to reducing associated emissions by 37% while creating thousands of new STEM&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">jobs.<sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, many governments use a strategic portfolio of both safeguard and spark strategies. By intelligently and actively combining elements from each, governments have an opportunity to simultaneously shield economic clusters from disruption while enabling them to capture new value as the green transition gains momentum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Next Steps<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The approaches described above offer a menu of actions for governments to deploy as they seek to support economic clusters through the green transition. How, though, can governments most effectively apply these interventions? We believe effectively supporting clusters requires a three-step strategic approach:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Assess risks and opportunities.<\/strong>&nbsp;Governments must assess the potential for cluster-level disruption and work proactively to identify emerging opportunities for growth. These reviews should be used to develop comprehensive strategies drawing together the approaches outlined above, and leveraging them to mitigate risks and maximize positive outcomes to combine large-scale decarbonization with resilience and economic growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Foster collaboration.<\/strong>&nbsp;Governments must facilitate collaboration and coordination within clusters, and develop new platforms connecting the private sector with research organizations and public sector stakeholders, and convening regular meetings of public and private sector to enable collaboration. Through such initiatives, governments have an opportunity to accelerate the diffusion of clean technologies, and to ensure that cutting edge research is efficiently transmitted and implemented in real-world contexts across clusters of all kinds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Provide central orchestration.<\/strong>&nbsp;Governments must situate the individual strategies used to support each cluster\u2019s green transition within a coordinated strategy to optimize outcomes. The cumulative benefits of strategies promoting renewable energy, developing green skills in the workforce, or incentivizing innovation should be seen as multiplicative rather than additive, driving value that resonates across and beyond clusters to foster resilience and drive broad-based economic growth. This would often involve creating dedicated institutional structures at the departmental or unit level to support green cluster development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most successful governments will leverage their central role to become strategic and operational partners driving innovation, sustainability, and business success across multiple clusters. The above three-step process provides a practical roadmap for governments to get started on this&nbsp;<a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">journey.<sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Initiatives such as Cluster Excellence Denmark make a compelling case for such methods: with cross-agency government funding, the project explicitly addresses sustainability and clean energy across multiple clusters, serving as a central nexus for collaboration, coordination, and knowledge dissemination. Such approaches offer a powerful tool for governments seeking to replicate and scale the successes of individual clusters, and to unlock new efficiencies and opportunities for clusters of all kinds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The green transition will only accelerate as emerging technologies, regulatory pressures, consumer expectations, and climate challenges continue to converge. The time for half measures and piecemeal approaches is long past: to navigate the green transition, governments will need to assume a bolder and more decisive leadership role. To enable cross-sectoral decarbonization while also ensuring economic growth, governments must forge a new public-private compact explicitly framed to support&nbsp;<em>all<\/em>&nbsp;economic clusters\u2014and help businesses of all kinds to survive and thrive as we move toward a more sustainable future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The authors extend a big thanks to the members of the working team\u2014Pavel Zolotarev, Anna Petrova, and Yara ElRakkad\u2014for their invaluable contributions to this article.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By\u00a0Christopher Daniel,\u00a0Varad Pande,\u00a0Rami Rafih,\u00a0Makoto Morihara,\u00a0Charmian Caines, and\u00a0Tina Zuzek-Arden Key Takeaways Governments have two key strategies\u2014evolving existing economic clusters to remain competitive and capitalizing on emerging opportunities\u2014to help economic clusters rapidly adapt to the green transition. From the tech innovators of Silicon Valley to the leatherworkers of Tuscany and the textile hubs of South Asia, economic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[64,33],"tags":[168,167,61,66,60,67],"class_list":["post-2505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-breaking-news","category-corporate-sustainability","tag-economic-clusters","tag-green-transition","tag-sdg-news","tag-sdgs","tag-sustainable-development-goals","tag-un-sdgs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Are Economic Clusters Ready for the Green Transition? 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